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Bennathan and Walters have argued that though ports may be working under diverse conditions, they are either functioning under the European (Continental) Doctrine or under the Anglo-Saxon Doctrine. Under the Continental Doctrine the port is viewed as part of the social infrastructure. Its value is...

Today, China leads the world in port infrastructure investment and thus, most significantly, displays elements of the Asian Doctrine. Its container infrastructure sustains an endless stream of the exports that are the basis for its growing gross domestic product—a figure that has increased at an...